Review of Deflation: What Happens When Prices Fall (Hardcover)

I follow the financial news fairly regularly, reading the news headlines and many of the columns on the Internet at least three times daily. A few months ago, the main topic of some of the economic stories was one that I had never seen in a contemporary financial column, the possibility of the U. S. economy entering into a deflationary state. A deflationary condition is when prices start to fall, and people begin to delay non-essential purchases in the belief that they will continue to fall, which can lead to an economic collapse. In general, it was considered a significant threat, and apparently the high officers of the Federal Reserve (the Fed) were preparing contingency plans if it were to happen. The possibility, consequences and potential benefits of a deflationary phase in the U. S. economy are the primary topics of this book.
Outside of major wars and their consequences, there were two major economic cataclysms in the U. S. economy in the twentieth century. The first was the Great Depression of the thirties, which was a major deflationary period. The second was the uncontrolled inflation of the seventies, where price increases were relentless, a major success was proclaimed when the inflation rate dropped to ten percent or less. These two long-term economic problems form the major historical basis for the basic premise that monetary policy is the preeminent driver of major economic trends. Milton Friedman, long the primary champion of monetary policy, is mentioned many times. Farrell finds many historical justifications to blame the severity of the two events on the Fed. While it cannot be refuted that the Fed made many major mistakes in both situations, the political leadership also must bear a great deal of responsibility. That point is made, but not quite as forcibly as it should have been.
The primary event that is driving the current concern over the potential for deflation is the performance of the Japanese economy in the last decade. It has been in a recurring deflationary condition throughout that time, performing sluggishly and with no end in sight. However, Farrell uses this as a point of demonstration as to how monetary policy can be used in a counterproductive manner. He argues that the Fed is smart enough to avoid those mistakes and will act quickly and forcibly to prevent a dangerous deflationary trend in the U. S.
Another major point is whether deflation is in fact a trend to be feared or welcomed. As Farrell so excellently points out, there have been many deflationary periods in the American economy, and while we remain focused on the 1930's, the others were often periods of economic expansion and growth. They were due to the development of new technologies, which led to previously unheard of improvements in efficiency. Dramatic improvements such as the telegraph, telephone, railroad and medical advancements all changed society and dramatically lowered the costs of gods and the efficiency of living. His point is that if the costs of the goods are declining due to increased efficiency, then it is a very good thing. Companies being forced to reduce their production costs in order to compete is always a boon to the overall economy.
The last chapter contains a series of recommended policy changes. The first is that global free trade should be expanded to include all nations. Farrell argues that since the poorer nations largely rely on agriculture, the U. S. should stop subsidizing agriculture, which would allow the products from the poorer nations to compete in the global markets. A valid point, but of course politically impossible. One point that I found of particular interest was the cost benefits of sophisticated medical care. He argues that nearly every successful medical treatment returns more than it costs. The exact figures are that from 1960 to 1997 it cost approximately $13,000 in medical spending and pharmaceutical research to gain one year of additional life and that the economic return on this additional year of life was $150,000. If true, it would be the most powerful argument for universal health care that could be made. An additional argument made in this section is that the current system of employer-managed health care programs is inefficient and should be refined into a single program.
Several pages are devoted to significant human capital investment, which means enormous investments in education and training. Farrell argues very forcefully that this is essential and historically justified. As Americans began moving from a rural, agrarian society to an urban, industrial one, the massive investments made in education were necessary for the transformation to be complete. He argues that sufficient investment capitol would be available if the agricultural subsidies were eliminated.
Farrell makes powerful arguments in favor of his basic premise that deflation is an expected consequence of dramatic increases in economic efficiencies due to the opening of global trade and technological advancements. While I sometimes had minor disagreements with his points of emphasis and understand that his proposals for solution are largely politically impossible, I found the book a sound analysis of what is now being raised as a potential economic danger.



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